@Article{MarencoJLMBRJSHFA:2016:VeDiSm,
               author = "Marenco, Franco and Johnson, Ben and Langridge, Justin M. and 
                         Mulcahy, Jane and Benedetti, Angela and Remy, Samuel and Jones, 
                         Luke and Szpek, Kate and Haywood, Jim and Freitas, Karla Maria 
                         Longo de and Artaxo, Paulo",
          affiliation = "{Met Office} and {Met Office Hadley Centre} and {Met Office} and 
                         {Met Office Hadley Centre} and {European Centre for Medium-range 
                         Weather Forecasts} and {Laboratoire de M{\'e}t{\'e}orologie 
                         Dynamique} and {European Centre for Medium-range Weather 
                         Forecasts} and {Met Office} and {Met Office Hadley Centre} and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)}",
                title = "On the vertical distribution of smoke in the Amazonian atmosphere 
                         during the dry season",
              journal = "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics",
                 year = "2016",
               volume = "16",
               number = "4",
                pages = "2155--2174",
                month = "Feb.",
             abstract = "Lidar observations of smoke aerosols have been analysed from six 
                         flights of the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements 
                         BAe-146 research aircraft over Brazil during the biomass burning 
                         season (September 2012). A large aerosol optical depth (AOD) was 
                         observed, typically ranging 0.4-0.9, along with a typical aerosol 
                         extinction coefficient of 100-400 Mm-1. The data highlight the 
                         persistent and widespread nature of the Amazonian haze, which had 
                         a consistent vertical structure, observed over a large distance 
                         (\∼2200 km) during a period of 14 days. Aerosols were found 
                         near the surface; but the larger aerosol load was typically found 
                         in elevated layers that extended from 1-1.5 to 4-6 km. The 
                         measurements have been compared to model predictions with the Met 
                         Office Unified Model (MetUM) and the ECMWF-MACC model. The MetUM 
                         generally reproduced the vertical structure of the Amazonian haze 
                         observed with the lidar. The ECMWF-MACC model was also able to 
                         reproduce the general features of smoke plumes albeit with a small 
                         overestimation of the AOD. The models did not always capture 
                         localised features such as (i) smoke plumes originating from 
                         individual fires, and (ii) aerosols in the vicinity of clouds. In 
                         both these circumstances, peak extinction coefficients of the 
                         order of 1000-1500 Mm-1 and AODs as large as 1-1.8 were 
                         encountered, but these features were either underestimated or not 
                         captured in the model predictions. Smoke injection heights derived 
                         from the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) for the region are 
                         compatible with the general height of the aerosol layers.",
                  doi = "10.5194/acp-16-2155-2016",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2155-2016",
                 issn = "1680-7316 and 1680-7324",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "marenco_onthe vertical.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}